Impact of drinking water TDS on serum calcium and magnesium levels: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in drinking water influence mineral intake and systemic electrolyte balance. Calcium and magnesium, key constituents of TDS, play vital roles in physiological homeostasis. Aim: To assess the impact of water TDS levels on serum calcium and magnesium status among adults consuming purified versus raw water. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 adults divided into two groups based on drinking water source: Group I (purified water, TDS 10–150 mg/L) and Group II (raw water, TDS 151–500 mg/L). Serum calcium and magnesium levels were measured and categorized into hypo-, normo-, and hyper- ranges. Statistical analysis included Chi-square and one-way ANOVA. Results: Group II showed significantly higher rates of hypercalcemia (30%) and hypermagnesemia (26.7%) compared to Group I (10% and 20%, respectively). Group I had greater prevalence of hypocalcemia (23.3%) and hypomagnesemia (16.7%). Intra-group analysis within Group I revealed a non-significant upward trend in mineral levels with increasing TDS. ANOVA showed no significant differences across purified water subgroups (P > 0.5). Conclusion: Elevated TDS in drinking water is associated with higher serum calcium and magnesium levels. While purified water ensures safety, excessively low TDS may compromise mineral intake. Optimal TDS thresholds should balance microbiological safety with nutritional adequacy.

Keywords: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Purified Water, Raw Water.