A systematic review of the etiology, clinical features, and management of pneumonia in children: Implications for clinical practice, and public health

Abstract

Pneumonia is a common illness that continues to pose a significant health challenge worldwide. It known as common Inflammatory condition of alveoli or air sacs and the nearby tissues. It often leads to a spontaneous high fever, the feeling that you are very unwell, a cough and shortness of breath. Pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. The word pneumonia is rooted in the ancient Greek word pneumon ("lung"). Therefore, pneumonia can be understood as "lung disease." Clinically, it manifests as an inflammation of the parenchyma and alveolar spaces in 1 or both lungs, primarily attributed to infections, though not exclusively. Among the infectious causes of pneumonia, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are prominent. Bacterial pneumonia has a significant impact on the overall morbidity and mortality rates of those with pneumonia. Various classification methods exist for organizing pneumonia, with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) system being the most widely embraced. This system categorizes pneumonia into community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and atypical pneumonia, further stratified based on severity. Continued research and a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of pneumonia are critical for developing targeted treatments and improving patient outcomes. As such, this article aims to delve into the diagnostic approaches for pneumonia, highlighting the clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging studies, Treatment and other methodologies employed in its identification.

Keywords: Pneumonia, Epidemiology, Infection, Diagnosis, Treatment.