H1N1 illness related secondary hypothyroidism : A rare case report and a brief review of literature
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
Viral infections have been frequently associated with thyroid diseases. In the present case report we document a rare case of H1N1 influenza infection related secondary hypothyroidism. A 32-year-old female, known case of hypothyroidism since 3 years & since 2 months developed an influenza-like syndrome. Polymerase chain reaction assay confirmed the diagnosis of H1N1 virus infection. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone was suppressed to zero while the levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were also decreased, below normal. She was treated & improved with oseltamivir and supportive treatment, including antibiotics and steroids.
Keywords: H1N1 Virus, Secondary hypothyroidism
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
-
1. Prummel M, Strieder T, Wiersinga WM. The environment andautoimmune thyroid diseases. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004; 150: 605618.
2. Dimos G, Pappas G, Akritidis N. Subacute thyroiditis in thecourse of novel H1N1 influenza infection. Endocrine. 2010; 37:440-441.
3. Holvast A, Huckriede A, Wilschut J, Horst G, De Vries JJ, Benne CA, Kallenberg CG, Bijl M: Safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with quiescent disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2006, 65:913-8.
4. Shieh WJ, Blau DM, Denison AM, Deleon-Carnes M, Adem P, Bhatnagar J, Summer J, Liu L, Patel M, Batten B, Greer P, Jones T, Smith C, Bartlett J, Montague J, White E, Rollin D, Gao R, Seales C, Jost H, Metcalfe M, Goldsmith CS, Humphrey C, Schmitz A, Drew C, Paddock C, Uyeki TM, Zaki SR: 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1: Pathology and pathogenesis of 100 fatal cases in the United States. Am J Pathol 2010, 177:166-75.
5. G. Watts, “Pandemic Flu A/H1N1 Influenza Virus: The Basics,” July 2009.
6. R. Perez-Padilla, D. de la Rosa-Zamboni, S. Ponce de Leon, et al., “Pneumonia and Respiratory Failure from Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico,” The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 361, No. 7, 2009, pp. 680-689.
7. World Health Organization, “Human Infection with Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus: Updated Interim WHO Guidance on Global Surveillance,” July 2009.
8. CircolaredelMinisterodella Salute, “Prevenzione eControlloDell’Influenza: Raccomandazioni per laStagione 2010-2011,” July 2010.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention “People atHigh Risk of Developing Flu-Related Complications,” November 2009.
10. Machado AA. How to prevent, recognize and diagnose infection with the swineorigin Influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. J Bras Pneum 2009;35(5):464–9.
11. Picone O, Ami O, Vauloup-Fellous C, Martinez V, Guillet M, Dupont-Bernabé C, et al. Pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 flu during pregnancy: Epidemiology, diagnosis and management. J GynecolObstetBiolReprod 2009;38(8):615–28.
12. Dawood FS, Jain S, Finelli L, Shaw MW, Lindstrom S, Garten RJ, et al. Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med 2009;360(25):2605–15.
13. Greer LG, Abbassi-Ghanavati M, Sheffield JS, Casey BM. Diagnostic dilemmas in a pregnant woman with influenza A (H1N1) infection. ObstetGynecol 2010;115(2 Pt 2):409–12.
14. Shinde V, Bridges CB, Uyeki TM, Shu B, Balish A, Xu X, et al. Triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) in humans in the United States, 2005–2009. New Engl J Med 2009;360(25):2616–25.
15. Desailloud R, Hober D. Viruses and thyroiditis: an update. Virol J. 2009; 6: 5.
16. Kojima M, Nakamura S, Oyama T, Sugihara S, Sakata N, Masawa N. Cellular composition of subacute thyroiditis. An immunohistochemical study of six cases. Pathol Res Pract. 2002; 198: 833-837.
17. Valtonen VV, Ruutu P, Varis K et al. Serological evidence for the role of bacterial infections in the pathogenesis of thyroid disease. Acta Med Scand. 1986;219:105-11.
18. Al-kordi RS, Alenizi E, Elagazzar AH. Acute suppurative thyroiditis with abscess, gas formation, and thyrotoxic crisis. Nuklearmedizin. 2008;47:N44-6.
19. Desai B, Shukla A. Thyroid storm: An Atypical Presentation legionella and parainfluenza. 8 Oct 2007.
20. Wolf MW, Misaki T, Bech K et al. Immunoglobulins of patients recovering from Yersinia enterocolitica infections exhibit Graves’ disease-like activity in human thyroid membranes. Thyroid. 1991;1:315-20. Winter.
21. Tomer Y. Hepatitis C and interferon induced thyroiditis. J Autoimmun. 2010;34: 322-6.
22. Ministry of Health. Influenza A (H1N1): Protocol for Reporting and Investigation. http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/protocolo_investigacao_ notificacao08062009.pdf Published 2009.
23. Ministry of Health. Protocol for Clinical Management and Epidemiological Surveillance Of Influenza – Version III. http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/
pdf/protocolo_de_manejo_clinico_05_08_2009.pdfPublished 2009.
24. Volpé R, Row VV, Ezrin C. Circulating viral and thyroid antibodies in subacute thyroiditis. J ClinEndocrinolMetab. 1967; 27: 1275-1284.
25. Baharoon SA. H1N1 infection-induced thyroid storm. Ann Thorac Med. 2010; 5: 110-112.
26. Girgis CM, Russo RR, Benson K. Subacute thyroiditis following the H1N1 vaccine. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010; 33: 506.