Metabolic and Hepatic Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Abstract

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a global health challenge characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and metabolic Dysregulation. T2DM is associated with lipid abnormalities and liver dysfunction, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Understanding the interplay between glycemic control, lipid profile, and liver enzyme alterations is essential for better management of T2DM and its complications.
Objective: To investigate the correlation between glycemic control (HbA1c), fasting lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL), and liver enzyme levels (SGOT, SGPT) in T2DM patients attending a tertiary healthcare center.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. M.K. Shah Medical College & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, including 125 T2DM patients. Patients with Type 1 DM, chronic alcoholism, and other hepatic disorders were excluded. Biochemical assessments included fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, fasting lipid profile, and liver function enzymes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v20.0, applying chi-square tests and correlation analysis. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c >8.0%) demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of Dyslipidemia and liver enzyme elevation. Elevated HbA1c levels were strongly correlated with increased SGOT and SGPT values (p <0.05). Triglyceride and LDL levels were significantly higher in patients with poor glycemic control, while HDL levels were reduced. The prevalence of NAFLD was also higher in this group. Comparison with previous studies confirms similar trends, highlighting the metabolic burden in T2DM patients.
Conclusion: The study establishes a strong association between poor glycemic control and metabolic disturbances in T2DM patients. Elevated HbA1c levels were linked to hepatic dysfunction and adverse lipid profiles, reinforcing the importance of regular screening and early intervention strategies. Comprehensive diabetes management should integrate liver function and lipid profile assessments to mitigate long-term complications.
Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Glycemic Control, Lipid Profile, Liver Enzymes, NAFLD, Dyslipidemia, Cardiovascular Risk